High average brightness water window source for short-exposure cryomicroscopy.

Laboratory water window cryomicroscopy has recently demonstrated similar image quality as synchrotron-based microscopy but still with much longer exposure times, prohibiting the spread to a wider scientific community. Here we demonstrate high-resolution laboratory water window imaging of cryofrozen cells with 10 s range exposure times. The major improvement is the operation of a λ=2.48 nm, 2 kHz liquid nitrogen jet laser plasma source with high spatial and temporal stability at high average brightness >1.5×10(12) ph/(s×sr×µm(2)×line), i.e., close to that of early synchrotrons. Thus, this source enables not only biological x-ray microscopy in the home laboratory but potentially other applications previously only accessible at synchrotron facilities.

New sheathless interface for coupling capillary electrophoresis to electrospray mass spectrometry evaluated by the analysis of fatty acids and prostaglandins.

A new interface for capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization (CE-ESI) is presented. High voltage is applied at the outlet of the separation capillary by a stainless steel tube, a so called liner, through which the capillary is led. A compensating current between the liquid and the liner is maintained by a natural liquid film, which is built up at the outer surface of the capillary end. Operable potential ranges for differently treated capillary ends have been examined. The liner has been evaluated for the analysis of fatty acids and prostaglandins, all run with the ESI in the negative ionization mode. This simple stainless steel liner should fill the gap, which has prevented CE-MS from being the successful tool, which it has the potential for, namely fast and unattended measurements of analytes in the nM range in complex mixtures.